Generations Of Computers
Each generation of computer has brought significant advances in speed and power to computing tasks. Learn about each of the five generations of computers and major technology developments that have led to the computer technology that we use today.
The history of computer development is a computer science topic that is often used to reference the different generations of computing devices. Each computer generation is characterized by a major technological development that fundamentally changed the way computers operate.
Most major developments from the 1940s to present day have resulted in increasingly smaller, cheaper, more powerful and more efficient computing machines and technology, thus minimizing storage and increasing portability.
WHAT ARE THE 5 GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS?
In this Webb podia Study Guide, you’ll learn more about each of the five generations of computers and the advances in technology that have led to the development of the many computing devices that we use today.
5 GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS CHECKLIST
- Getting Started: Key Terms to Know
- First Generation: Vacuum Tubes
- Second Generation: Transistors
- Third Generation: Integrated Circuits
- Fourth Generation: Microprocessors
- Fifth Generation: Artificial Intelligence
The following technology definitions will help you to better understand the five generations of computing:
- Computer
- Microprocessor
- Magnetic drums
- Binary
- Integrated circuit
- Semiconductor
- Nanotechnology
- Machine language
- Assembly language
- Artificial intelligence
FIRST GENERATION: VACUUM TUBES (1940–1956)
The first computer systems used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for main memory, and they were often enormous, taking up entire rooms. These computers were very expensive to operate, and in addition to using a great deal of electricity, the first computers generated a lot of heat, which was often the cause of malfunctions. The maximum internal storage capacity was 20,000 characters.
First-generation computers relied on machine language, the lowest-level programming language understood by computers, to perform operations, and they could only solve one problem at a time. It would take operators days or even weeks to set up a new problem. Input was based on punched cards and paper tape, and output was displayed on printouts.
It was in this generation that the Von Neumann architecture was introduced, which displays the design architecture of an electronic digital computer. Later, the UNIVAC and ENIAC computers, invented by J. Presser Eckert, became examples of first-generation computer technology. The UNIVAC was the first commercial computer delivered to a business client, the U.S. Census Bureau in 1951.
A UNIVAC computer at the Census Bureau. Image Source: United States Census Bureau
Recommended Reading: Webopedia’s ENIAC definition
SECOND GENERATION: TRANSISTORS (1956–1963)
The world would see transistors replace vacuum tubes in the second generation of computers. The transistor was invented at Bell Labs in 1947 but did not see widespread use in computers until the late 1950s. This generation of computers also included hardware advances like magnetic core memory, magnetic tape, and the magnetic disk.
The transistor was far superior to the vacuum tube, allowing computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient, and more reliable than their first-generation predecessors. Though the transistor still generated a great deal of heat that subjected the computer to damage, it was a vast improvement over the vacuum tube. A second-generation computer still relied on punched cards for input and printouts for output.
An early Philco Transistor (1950s). Image Source: Vintage Computer Chip Collectibles
From Binary to Assembly
Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary language to symbolic, or assembly, languages, which allowed programmers to specify instructions in words. High-level programming languages were also being developed at this time, such as early versions of COBOL and FORTRAN. These were also the first computers that stored their instructions in their memory, which moved from a magnetic drum to magnetic core technology.
The first computers of this generation were developed for the atomic energy industry.
THIRD GENERATION: INTEGRATED CIRCUITS (1964–1971)
The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of computers. Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called semiconductors, which drastically increased the speed and efficiency of computers.
Instead of punched cards and printouts, users would interact with a third generation computer through keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an operating system, which allowed the device to run many different applications at one time with a central program that monitored the memory. Computers, for the first time, became accessible to a mass audience because they were smaller and cheaper than their predecessors.
Did You Know… ? Integrated circuit (IC) chips are small electronic devices made out of a semiconductor material. The first integrated circuit was developed in the 1950s by Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments and Robert Noyce of Fairchild Semiconductor.
FOURTH GENERATION: MICROPROCESSORS (1971–PRESENT)
The microprocessor ushered in the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip. The technology in the first generation that filled an entire room could now fit in the palm of the hand. The Intel 4004 chip, developed in 1971, integrated all the components of the computer, from the central processing unit and memory to input/output controls, on a single chip.
In 1981, IBM introduced its first personal computer for the home user, and in 1984 Apple introduced the Macintosh. Microprocessors also moved out of the realm of desktop computers and into many areas of life as more and more everyday products began to use the microprocessor chip.
As these small computers became more powerful, they could be linked together to form networks, which eventually led to the development of the Internet. Each fourth-generation computer also saw the computer development of GUIs, the mouse, and handheld technology.
Intel’s first microprocessor, the 4004, was conceived by Ted Hoff and Stanley Mazor. Image Source: Intel Timeline (PDF)
FIFTH GENERATION: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (PRESENT AND BEYOND)
Fifth generation computer technology, based on artificial intelligence, is still in development, though there are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today. The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality. This is also so far the prime generation for packing a large amount of storage into a compact and portable device.
Quantum computation and molecular and nanotechnology will radically change the face of computers in years to come. The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that will respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization.
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